Fat is probably one of the most controversial subjects within the health and weight loss industry. Over the decades we’ve been bombarded with so much contradictory information it’s become very difficult to know who to trust
So where do things stand now?
Here’s a quote from the NHS website regarding fat:-
What’s more, too much of a particular kind of fat – saturated fat – can raise our cholesterol, which increases the risk of heart disease. That’s why it’s important to cut down on fat, and choose foods that contain unsaturated fat.
Fat: the facts
Surely this advice is correct, I mean, it’s an NHS website after all? Unfortunately it’s woefully out of date.
Here’s an abstract from the paper The great cholesterol myth; unfortunate consequences of Brown and Goldstein’s mistake by Dr Duncan Adams published in the Oxford Journals 2011:-
Following their Nobel Prize-winning discovery of the defective gene causing familial hypercholesterolaemia, Brown and Goldstein misunderstood the mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of the associated arterial disease. They ascribed this to an effect of the high levels of cholesterol circulating in the blood. In reality, the accelerated arterial damage is likely to be a consequence of more brittle arterial cell walls, as biochemists know cholesterol to be a component of them which modulates their fluidity, conferring flexibility and hence resistance to damage from the ordinary hydrodynamic blood forces. In the absence of efficient receptors for LDL cholesterol, cells will be unable to use this component adequately for the manufacture of normally resilient arterial cell walls, resulting in accelerated arteriosclerosis. Eating cholesterol is harmless, shown by its failure to produce vascular accidents in laboratory animals, but its avoidance causes human malnutrition from lack of fat-soluble vitamins, especially vitamin D.
Basically what Dr Adams is saying is that cholesterol doesn’t cause arterial disease at all. In fact, arterial disease is more likely to be caused by brittle arterial cell walls due to a deficiency of cholesterol. Yes that’s right. Cholesterol is more likely to protect you from developing arterial disease. It will also help prevent deficiencies in fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin D.
Unfortunately the Wikipedia page on cholesterol starts off with the virtues of cholesterol and then goes on to cite wrong information from the NHS website regarding damage to the arteries and cardiovascular disease. Websites are continually regurgitating the same wrong information and linking to sites such as the NHS assuming the information must be correct. Yet the NHS website offers no references to back up their claims.
Low fat diets = sugar cravings
Have you ever ended up with a craving for sugary foods whilst on a low fat diet? Well that’s because your body can create fat out of sugar. Fat is absolutely essential to life so when you go low fat, your body’s craving for sugar kicks in. For those interested in biochemistry, here’s what happens when you eat sugar [1]:-
glucose > pyruvic acid > acetyl-coenzyme A > fatty acids, cholesterol, ketones
Please note, there’s a large category food science called lipids which contain fats, sterols (including cholesterol), oils, waxes and triglycerides. Although people often use the words “fats” and “lipids” interchangeably, cholesterol technically isn’t a fat however is usually referred to as a type of fat.
Low fat a risk for Alzheimer’s
Alzheimer’s has fast become one of the most feared diseases in the world with an estimated 1 person every 4 seconds being diagnosed [2]. Nobody knows for sure what causes Alzheimer’s however it looks as though a deficiency of fat may play a part.
One study which analyzed the Cerebral Spinal Fluid of Alzheimer’s patients found greatly reduced levels of free and esterified cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids [3].
Coconut oil, which contains large amounts of saturated fat and medium chain triglycerides, is looking very promising in the treatment of Alzheimer’s and has gained much media attention [4].
Coconut oil has even gained fans from supermodels such as Amanda Kerr who are keen to keep in perfect shape [7].
Low fat a risk for depression
French researchers have noticed that low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) was associated with depression in women whereas low levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL) was associated with depression in men [5]. Also, a study published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research showed that men “with a combination of low total cholesterol and depression were seven times more likely to die prematurely from unnatural causes, such as suicide and accidents” [6].
Low fat a risk for osteoporosis
We all know the importance of calcium in making our bones strong. However did you know that fat plays an important role in this too? Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin D and K are associated with osteoporosis [8] and the absorption of these vitamins are improved when you eat fat [9] .
Does that mean all fats are good for you?
No, certainly not! Unfortunately many fats that would normally have been good for you have been processed so much they’re no longer healthy. Polyunsaturates are normally liquid at room temperature and are hydrogenated in order to become solid products such as vegetable shortening and margarine.
Apparently the whole reason fat has been given a bad name in the first place is because researchers were studying hydrogenated fat, not realizing the mistake they were making [10]. So far New York, Switzerland and Austria have already banned hydrogenated fats (aka trans fat) and it looks as though the UK may eventually follow suit [11]. Colorado has now banned these fats in schools [12].
Inflammation is the real cause of heart disease
It’s becoming clear that inflammation is likely to be the real cause of heart disease. This means that if you test high for C-reactive protein (CRP) or Homocysteine then you’re at risk of heart disease regardless of what your LDL levels are.
A study was published in The New England Journal of Medicine which found that CRP and LDL were separate markers for heart disease and that:-
The prospective analysis, starting with healthy women free of disease at baseline, showed those with high levels of both markers were at high risk, those with low levels of both markers were at low risk, but subjects with low LDL and high CRP were actually at higher risk than those with high LDL and low CRP [13].
So in other words, if you have high levels of inflammation but low levels of LDL, you’re at a higher risk than if you have low inflammation and high LDL.
CRP can be lowered by eating fish, taking fish oil supplements, giving up smoking, eating more fruit and vegetables, eating small amounts of dark chocolate and curcumin/turmeric.
Homocysteine is another marker for heart disease and is associated with LDL fatty acid peroxidation [14] which in turn is associated with coronary heart disease [15].
Homocysteine can be elevated due to deficiencies in vitamins B2, B6, B12 and folate. Funnily enough, vegetarians and vegans tend to have high homocysteine due to the fact that their diets are normally low in B2 and B12 [16].
Conclusion
Despite the fact that websites are continually telling us that saturated fat increases cholesterol and cholesterol is bad for your heart and waist line, ultimately there’s no evidence for this at all.
Instead there’s plenty of evidence that traditional fats such as coconut oil and butter can help protect you heart, treat Alzheimer’s, prevent depression and keep your bones strong.
In reality it’s hydrogenated/trans fats you want to avoid like the plague. Hopefully we won’t have to wait too long before this junk is completely banned from the supermarket shelves.
References
[1] Biochemistry By Reginald Garrett, Charles M. Grisham
[2] World Health Organization and Alzheimer’s Disease International Say Dementia Must Be A Global Health Priority
[3] Reduced levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients are not related to apolipoprotein E4
[4] Coconut Oil Touted as Alzheimer’s Remedy
[5] Gender and Genotype Modulation of the Association Between Lipid Levels and Depressive Symptomatology in Community-Dwelling Elderly (The ESPRIT Study)
[6] Geisinger study: Low cholesterol and depression in vets linked to premature deaths from accidents and suicide
[7] Victoria’s Secret? Coconut oil… Sales boom as model Miranda Kerr reveals daily dose of ‘healthy fat’ is key to her beauty
[8] Studies of osteoporosis in Japan
[9] Absorption and Transport of Carotenoids
[10] The Skinny on Fats
[11] Why trans fats should be banned
[12] School Trans Fats Ban Passes Colorado Senate Despite All GOP Senators Voting Against It
[13] High CRP, high LDL define different groups at cardiovascular risk
[14] Homocysteine enhances LDL fatty acid peroxidation, promoting microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes
[15] Oxidized LDL and coronary heart disease.
[16] Vitamin B12: Are You Getting It?